Tips select Laptop or Notebook

The most major

The main, we must determine the notebook will be what we used to? Applications or programs that will be what we often use? Do you often take our journey? Do you have specific needs that?

General Guide
You need some basic guidelines to start the search. What is the value of the money that you budget? What is the screen size you want?

Specific guidelines
Specifications notebook / laptop is how that fits your needs? Should I wait for better or buy now?
After you answer a few questions this, your search will be easier because of the choice to be more specific.

Applications will be what you use?
If you play 3D games or using applications such as 3D CAD, you need a notebook with a dedicated VGA memory (non-shared). Conversely, if you do not use a 3D application or game, then choose a laptop with the integrated VGA memory (integrated VGA memory). Notebok with the VGA memory sparing more integrated battery and cheaper.

What you will often take them?
If so, the size and weight of a key factor for the decision. Laptop has a screen size varies 15.4 ", 14.1", 13.3 ", 12.1" to 8 "and very heavy influence. Laptop screen with 15.4 "has a weight of 2.9 kg, 14.1" around 2.3kg, 13.3 "around 2.1kg, 12.1" around 1.9kg. However, the small laptop, usually the price will be more expensive too.

If you use the laptop will often dijalan, where you will find it difficult to fill the power source battery, consider the resistance battery.
If you do not often bring you travel notebook, notebook with a larger screen can be an option. Notebook with a screen 17 "VGA is usually equipped with a sophisticated, high-resolution screen and a good variety of features.

Have special needs?
Are there any criteria or special needs that you buy in a notebook? Make sure that your needs met before determining the options. Are there any additional equipment or accessories that you connect to your notebook? Check whether you have the choice of notebook port input / output accordingly.

How much of your budget?
Your budget will determine some things. Even if the notebook is offered with a cheaper price, essentially you will be in accordance with how much you pay. Many offer the cheapest laptop from under 5 million, to over 20 million. There is more to offer cheaper prices and there is also a vice-versa.
Make notebook with the performance of the material or using high-quality high-cost needs to make the expensive and the price is expensive notebook. Laptops are offered with a cheap price, often using components that lower the quality.

What type of screen, the size and resolution?
Determining the appropriate screen is important. This is the notebook that you use most often. Make sure you select the most appropriate to your needs.

Wide LCD screen, 16:9, currently dominate the market, along with a glossy screen model. The glossy screen seem more bright, clear, sharp and kontrasnya better. But it also makes the eyes get tired more quickly if used for a long period of time.

Choosing the right size is also important. The screen is small, better suited to take on the go. The big screen more suitable for users who rarely travel.

Resolution determines how much of the desktop. High-resolution desktop space to provide a larger, on the other hand icon and the note appears to be smaller. But we can still change the screen resolution and size of any posts.

Specification

Processor
Intel vs. AMD?
A lot of debate about the second company. But in fact the two companies is the best processors in the world and race each other to develop the type of processor best. Currently, Intel processors for notebook, have better technology to save battery. But most users will not encounter any difficulty brand prosesor. Because there is no difference in performance between the two light. Notebooks with AMD processors are usually cheaper price.

Technology, the latest Intel Mobile Processor
• Pentium M (Dothan) - Used in noteboook produced around 2004. This technology is made specifically for use in notebook and power needs to operate with a smaller and more cold than the preceding.
• Celeron M (Dothan and Yonah) - single-core processor (one core) is cheap, according to the most basic applications, such as office and graphics. But not able to support the weight of the application.
• Core Solo (Yonah) - Processor cheap structure made from the Core Duo, but has only 1 active core CPU. Core Solo replace the Pentium M in 2006.
• Core Duo (Yonah) - dual-core technology (two core) first from Intel. Core Duo (32-bit) to make 2 on 1 CPU processor without increasing power consumption.
• Core 2 Duo (Merom) - 64-bit version of the Core Duo, slightly better performance from the Core Duo and can run Windows Vista and 64-bit applications other.

AMD's latest mobile processors
• Sempron - Processor 1 core low in the old notebook. As a replacement of the Athlon. The latest version supports 64-bit applications.
• Turion 64 - Processor 1 core, 64-bit with a power consumption is lower than the Sempron
• Turion 64 x2 - Dual Core version, from 64-bit Turion

GPU
Nvidia vs. ATI?
This debate is a topic that is also popular. They both produce a good graphics card. Nvidia better in OpenGL technology and support Linux. While ATI has better ability in the game, anti-aliasing and anisotropic filtering. There are no differences between them be.

Most important you know how big the program needs to use your graphics card. If you use a 3D application or game that weight, you'll need a VGA with a dedicated high performance. If not, VGA Intel GMA 900/950 that already more than enough

RAM
Of all the components in the notebook, the amount of RAM installed will have the most obvious effect. The large RAM, the faster all the applications will run. Currently, the minimum is 512MB, and is recommended you have a 1GB, especially if you're running Windows Vista. If you run multiple applications simultaneously (multitasking), you need to take to upgrade to 2GB.
There is no different between 533MHz and 667MHz.
RAM is also one of the most prominent component in the upgrade, you can even do it yourself.

Hard Drive
How much storage space you need? Do you plan to store lots of files, music, video or photos? If so, you need the capacity Harddisk greater. But if you have limited funds, buy external hard drive will be cheaper and can be an option.

Optical Drive
Currently, almost all laptops are equipped with DVD writer, which can also function as a CD writer, DVD reader and CD reader.

Wireless
When all this laptop is also equipped with wireless technology. Most of the notebook is equipped with Intel PROSET 3945 802.11 a / b / g wireless card.

Battery
If you plan to frequently use your laptop without a drive in the power cable to the charger, you need enough capacity battery. Currently, the average notebook battery is able to stand around 2-3 hours.

How do I choose the warranty?
Some notebook vendors already offer the extended warranty period with a relatively affordable price. If you want to use the notebook for the long term, there is no one to consider buying a warranty extension with prices ranging between 5-10% price notebook.

Buy now or wait?
Notebook technology has changed continuously. Always there will be a technology that is faster or higher. And this can not be avoided.
So when you need a notebook at this time, make sure that the technology that is capable enough to meet your needs. If your need is not urgent, you can wait.
But if you need urgent, still have the option to add exchange in the next days.
source : forum.anugrahpratama.com

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Most laptop Weight

Gateway MD Series design has a classic, with a black cover, and the silver strip at the seam. Gateway introduced a multimedia notebook PC MD Series, the power that has a processor from Intel or AMD, including 2Duo Core, AMD Athlon X2 and AMD Turion X2. MD Series laptop comes with 4GB RAM and 500GB hard drive, as well as graphic card ATI Mobility Radeon HD 3650. MD Gateway Series is also equipped with a 15.6 inch LCD display, resolution 1366 × 768 pixels, HDMI 1.3 output, Wi-Fi connection 802.11n, the Blu-ray drive and 1.3 megapixel webcam. MD Series dibandrol with the $ 649.99 price, plus facilities dual layer DVD burner.

Elegant design, the strength of a battery that is durable, a very big hard drive, the MD Series Notebook Gateway looks good, matches the price. However, the weight of my laptop MD Gateway Series is quite heavy, more of the weight of the notebook with a 15.4 inch display. In addition, the keyboard is' noisy 'performance and a lack of good graphic also one of the weaknesses MD Series Gateway notebook this.



Gateway laptop specs MD Series:
CPU: 2.0-GHz Intel Core 2 Duo T6400
Included RAM: 4GB
Upgradable to 4GB RAM
Hard Drive Size: 500GB
Hard Drive Speed: 5.400 rpm
Hard Drive Type: SATA Hard Drive
Optical Drive Type: DVD-RW Dual Layer
Optical Drive Speed: 8X
Display Size (inches): 15.6
Native Resolution: 1366x768
Graphics Card: Intel GMA 4500MHD
Video Memory: 1.7GB
Wi-Fi: 802.11b/g/n
Bluetooth
Operating System: MS Windows Vista Home Premium (64 bit)
Ports (excluding USB): Ethernet, HDMI, headphone, microphone, modem, VGA
U.S. B Ports: 4
Card Slot: 5-1 card reader; ExpressCard
Warranty / Support: One-year limited/24/7 toll-free phone
Size: 15.3 x 10.4 x 1.7 inches
Weight: 6.8 pounds (3 kg)

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Laptop

With the speed of rocket fame as a laptop computer is really a fenomenal. Laptops are easily carried, powernya smaller and a quiet voice. However, laptops often feel more slowly and have a graphical display that can still be considered less, also in the process of power, but the shortfalls are not affecting the users.

Laptops are more expensive from the PC Desktop.
How might all the equipment that we normally find on a PC desktop as much as it can be wrapped in such a way into one package? and how the laptop may be able to work from a battery of strength? let us through.

Overall laptop and a PC (Personal Computer) desktop is very similar. They have the basic hardware (hardware) the same, the operating system software and the same. The main difference is how the components tesebut packed with concise.

Load a desktop computer motherboards, video cards, hard drives and other components included in a large box. Monitor keyboard and other periperal connect cables and wireless. Both the box that stands vertically and horizontally, need more room for additional cards, cables and air circulation.

Because of different designs, and capabilities in mobility component must have a laptop requirement:
Abridged to be in a small space.
Save energy
Heat from the smaller components on the computer desktop.

Often, this is the difference between the components to make a little more expensive, which could make prices more expensive laptop.

Processors
Microprosesor, or CPU, to work with the operating system to control to control the computer. This is the main, pro-brain acts as the computer. CPU high heat, then use a desktop computer fan for air circulation and peredam hot plate, a plate that is arranged in such a way to transfer heat from the processor. Because since laptops have far less space and have a more concise method for placing components peredam this summer, the CPU is usually:

Working on voltasi and a low clock speed, this reduces the discharge of heat and excessive but will be slightly slow processor performance. Many also run a laptop that is installed on the voltage and clock speed is higher, but still use the settings in a lower battery consumption.

Installation of the motherboard without a pin, pin socket, and require more space on the PC. Some of the laptop processors is installed directly on the motherboard without using the socket. There was also a laptop that uses a Micro-FCBGA (Flip Chip Ball Grid Array), which uses the ball as a replacement pin. This design saves space, but in this case means that the processor can not be released from the motherboard to be replaced or upgraded.

Having sleap mode or slow-down mode, the computer operating system and will work together to reduce the speed when the computer is not being used or not the processor is not doing the work. Apple G4 processor property also prioritize this to save battery power.

Some use laptop components of the desktop CPU set to work on the clock speed is lower. Although this may improve performance, but the laptop is often run with the excessive heat and segnifikan battery life.

In general, all have a laptop and a small fan reducer hot plate, pipe or heat spreader to help remove heat from the CPU. Some laptop models hi-end, to reduce the CPU heat using liquid refrigerant that was distributed in addition to hot pipes. Also, most laptop CPUs are the edge laptop. This allows the fan to move the heat out through laptop without other components.

Memory and Storage
A laptop memory influence the performance of speed laptop. some laptops have cache memory that are placed close to the processor, this allows akeses data faster. Some channels also have a larger buss, allows data to move from the processor to the motherboard with more quickly.

Laptops often use smaller memory modules to summarize space. Momory type used in laptop include:
Small Outline Dual Inline Memory Module (SODIMM)
Dual Data Rate Synchronous RAM (DDR SDRAM)
Single data rate Synchronous RAM (SDRAM) memory module laptop
Some laptops have a memory that is easy to upgrade and easy for the panel released.

Just like a desktop, laptop hard drives have internal, which is used to store the operating system, applications and data files. However, laptops usually have a few hard-disk space than the desktop PC. Hardisk a laptop, of course, is also physically smaller than the property of the PC desktop. In addition, performance on the laptop hard drives to revolve more slowly from the hard drive on the PC desktop, it is better to reduce the heat and use the battery.

Desktop space that has been enough to drive additional, such as DVD drives and CD ROM. Although the space on the laptop is very small but many use a laptop port modular design, which can be paired in the same place, it has three different goals:

Hot swappable - computer still running while doing pengantian drive.
Warm swappable - while still running a computer drive change, but the adjustment drive (the flow of data to use the processor) must be non-aktip
Cold swappable - the computer must be turned off during a transfer.

In some cases the drive port is not used for a drive, but can also be used as an extra battery.

Display and Sound
Pemproses a graphics unit (GPU) is a microprosesor handle the processing / calculations important in 3D graphics. As the processor CPU, a GPU high heat. Most laptops have built-in graphics on motherboardnya or have a graphics card designed specifically for small laptop. GPU manufacturers like ATI and Nvidia, both specific to produce GPU laptop. Laptops often share memory between the CPU and GPU, in order to save space and battery.

Many people consider that less than the laptop's performance grafisnya. Laptops have a lot of resources to the process of productivity applications and web surfing. However, the laptop must be struggling to overcome the latest 3D games. Only a few laptops specifically designed for game fans, have a more powerful GPU and additional video memory.

Most use a laptop screen LCD screen. Most people use the screen size between 12 and 17 inches, and the size of the screen affect the overall size of laptop. In addition, the laptop screen include:
Black-and-white (16 grayscale) or color (65,536 colors)
Or passive matrix aktip
Reflective or backlit

matrix screen aktip issued a sharp picture and is easier to read, backlit display and a better use for the poor light conditions.

Most laptops also have a sound card itself and the terintergrasi on the motherboard, as well as speakernya the built-in. However, very rarely has a quality laptop Soundcard and spiker as on the PC desktop. The audio fans and gamers can add the ability to add their laptop spiker external ditancapkan through the USB port or FireWire port on the laptop.

Power Supply
Laptop and desktop using the same electricity. Both have the same small battery to maintain the accuracy of the time, and in some cases is called the CMOS RAM. However, unlike desktop computers, laptop easier and can be taken with a battery operated.

Battery Nickel-Cadmium (NiCad) battery type is first used in a laptop computer, laptop and laptop-type long and sometimes still use the battery. The period of the battery charge is approximately two hours, but may be less depending on the memory effect. Gas bubbles in the platinum cells, reduce the total number of cell space available for a recharge. That can be recommended on the matter it is not recharge the battery before completely empty. The lack of a NiCad battery is charged when too long, can explode.

Battery Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) is a bridge between NiCad battery and battery Lithium-Ion (LiIon) is the latest. NiMH have the charge longer than NiCad, but on the whole has a total period of active shorter.

LiIon battery is the standard for the latest laptop. The battery is lightweight and has a longer time. LiIon not rely on the memory effect, can be charged at random, and will not cause an effect in the summer when the charge is too long. LiIon batteries are much thinner than the battery-laptop battery that makes it ideal for notebook batteries are thin. LiIon battery can endure up to 950 times charge until 1200.

Many laptop using LiIon states have active period of 5 hours, but the size can be very dependent on how computers are used. Hard Drive, Disk Drive and LCD screen, all the objects using battery power. Even the use of wireless internet connections also require a battery power. Many models have a laptop power management software to extend the period of active or battery conserve battery power when the battery is running low.

Whitebooks
Many people make a PC for their own use or for customers. Home-made machine is called Whiteboxes (white box), which provides a significant portion of the market for computers. Some people also modify their computers to do, which is called "modding". but how to create or modify a laptop?

laptop or home-made modifications called white book (whitebook). Whitebook play the role of 5% in the laptop market and the number is slowly increasing. Industry has been running fairly well in mepertahankan number of laptop users. They make a laptop is quite difficult to be opened, modified and get onderdil2 laptop. Opening the chassis in the case of most laptops making factory warranty does not apply.

Make a laptop from the beginning is still quite difficult, because it is not easy to get a laptop devices. But vendors such as vendor-ASUS and ECS ease some of its customers to buy the framework - the framework laptop empty. Frame-frame is sold especially for resellers who want to make Whitebook and sell them to customers. In addition, we can modify or mengup-grade using the framework. Companies such as TechStyle business has made it.

Parts of the laptop Whitebook consists of:
Chassis
Motherboard
Optical drives
Screen display
Keyboard
Graphics Card
This means that you want to build for whitebook should explore:
Microprocessor
RAM
Wireless card

On this, there is no real standard for the form factor design (design and shape) of the laptop components. Processor designed specifically for laptop dipasaran very much, but the search in accordance with the motherboard is another story. For devices drivenya hard enough standard, and system memory SODIMM easily searchable, but for the other components still need more in the search.

source : hi-technews.net

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Danger Mouse Use the Back Optic

Optic mouse, may have been a lot of computer users who already use these small objects. But, you know that the mouse optic can give side effects to the users?

When using the optic mouse, users would feel more comfortable using a shortcut rather than directly from the keyboard. However, the convenience of mouse optic also carry side effects that can be dangerous to the user. Approximately since the three years after the first optic dirilisnya mouse by Microsoft, has found that there are thousands of cases of deviation on the network as a result of the radiation emanated optic mouse. Working with the mouse optic elektromagnetik emit high frequency waves to the surface below. Frequency that is used more than the mobile phone.

Many users may already know, that the hands and feet is the center-edge end of the nerve body. Therefore, the radiation from the mouse can be felt in the hands and can affect the user's health. According to observations from the world health agency, WHO, the mouse equivalent of radiation 5 times mobile phone radiation, and will be more dangerous if the mouse optic held constantly by computer users.

For mouse optic product quality is low, the influence of radiation elektromagnetik will feel better. This is due to have a good product to use protective (shield) in order to protect the mouse optic wrist. Because of the danger that this is quite worrying, large companies such as WHO, Greenpeace, and CNN have stopped the use of optical mice for all activities in the office. Meanwhile, for Microsoft and IBM have been working together for mutual pointer making the device more secure, with the fund about $ 2 billion.

For that, users can get started using the mouse only when needed, and could be more practice using the keyboard shortcut, such as "Ctrl-V to paste, and so forth.

source : beritanet.com

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4 Type of UPS, Profit and Lost

You may already know Uninteruptible Power Supply (UPS) hardware. However, people often recognize only two types of UPS that is most easily found in the market. 

Both types are the type of UPS and standby UPS type online. In fact, UPS has several other advantages and kekurangannya with each. 

American Power Conversion (APC), a global leader in critical power services and cooling services are also popular with UPSnya products, provide information and tips about multiformity UPS so users can better identify and select the UPS in accordance with their needs. 

From model design, as quoted from the release of detikINET received, on Tuesday (16/12/2008), UPS is divided in several types of produce different performance characteristics: 
Standby 
Line Interactive 
Double Conversion On-Line 
Delta Conversion On-Line 

Standby UPS type 

This type usually used by the home user to disandingkan with their PC. UPS equipment is able to perform like this against interference filtrasi power and flow management, in addition to the efficient design, small size and cheap. 

Line Interactive UPS type 

UPS is the type most often used on small business units, web developers, and a number of servers that are in the government department. For, in addition to having a high level of reliability, this type also has the ability to adjust the voltage is quite good. 

UPS has an inverter, which is always connected to the output of the UPS system to change the power from the Battery to the AC. In normal circumstances, will make the inverter Battery. Meanwhile, in the electricity off, Transfer Switch will close and drain power from the Battery to the UPS output. 

Position the inverter is always connected to the output filter to provide additional resources. This makes this type of UPS with lots of servers used for electricity and conditions that are not too good. 

UPS type Double Conversion On-Line 

This type is the most common for UPS power with more than 10kVA. This type has similarities with the type Standby. Just type a main source of energy that lies in the inverter, not the AC power source. 

On this type, the main electricity supply dissolution will not trigger the switch because of the transfer of AC electric current at the entrance to the input of the Battery which provides power to the inverter is located at the output. 

Therefore, when the flow of AC power is lost, the flow of energy will be transferred immediately without taking a rest when the diversion occurs. UPS is the type of performance above average. This type can be said to a picture of an ideal UPS, unfortunately, this type of heat is high enough. 

UPS type Delta Conversion On-Line 

Almost the same as the Double Conversion type, the type Delta is always to use the inverter supply voltage. When power supply is lost, this type do the same type with Double Conversion. 

Delta Conversion has two functions, the first is to control the characteristics of the input power. Meanwhile, the second function is to control the flow of direct input to the process of the system Battery. 

Things to remember this is the type of energy that minimize terbuang. In addition, it has a high compatibility of the various types of generators and reduce the need for the use of cables. 

In summary, advantages and disadvantages UPS types can be seen below: 

Standby 
The advantages: low cost, high efficiency, compact design. 
Disadvantages: battery still in use when the power off; not suitable for use on the 2kVA. 
Description: most suitable for personal users. 

Line Interactive 
The advantages: high reliability, high efficiency, good voltage adjustments. 
Disadvantages: not suitable for use on the 5kVA. 
Description: UPS is the type most often used in conditions that are not stabilized electricity. 

Double Conversion On-Line 
The advantage: the voltage adjustment is very good, easy to connect in parallel. 
Disadvantages: Low efficiency; expensive price for the type of power under 5kVA. 
Description: close to the ideal image of UPS, but the heat is high enough. 

Delta Conversion On-line 
The advantage: the voltage adjustment is very good; high efficiency. 
Disadvantages: not suitable for use under 5kVA. 

Description: high efficiency, extend the life cycle when the device is used on a large system.

source : detikinet.com

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Programming techniques Mikrokontroler AT89C51

CPU (Central Processing Unit) based on the work. The sequence of commands is called the Program. The program is stored in ROM or RAM. 

CPU which is owned by mikrokontroler 89C51 is an 8-bit CPU, which means that any data have long data of 8-bit or 1 byte is called. 
However, data for the operation in mikrokontroler this operation can be done in one data bit, nibble (4 bit), byte (8 bits), and double-byte (16 bit). 

Register A and B 
A register is akumulator, used as a register for temporary data storage. In the program, the instructions to register as an A. Register B have specific functions in the operations division and multiplication, namely as a source and as a goal, while operating on the register as usual. 

Status Register (Psw) 
Register Psw (Program Status Word) is the 8-bit register. Register consists of bits CY, AC, FOR, RSO, OV, and P. Bit kesatu not used. Register this function to save the status information processor. 
CY: contain the carry after arithmetic operations. 
AC: Auxiliary carry contain the following arithmetic operations 
OV: contains status arithmetic overflow after the operation. 
P: parity of the register containing A. 
FOR: is a flag for the general (general purpose flags) which will participate in the stack is stored in the saatpenyimpanan Psw. 
RS0, RS1: voter register groups (four groups have to register). 
CY (Carry) also functions as akumulator boolean operations for bit. 

Bookmarks Pile (Stack Pointer) 
Bookmarks stack (Stack Pointer) contain the address of the data entered into the last hill. 
In operation furcation or interruptions it is necessary to rescue the data that has just done and will be the address, usually the address of the data is stored on the stack (stack), using the system Last In First Out (LIFO). 

Decoder is a function to interpret the command. The command is defined as the need to order one or more bytes. 

Program Counter (PC) 
16 bit is a register containing the address that will be done. 

Bookmarks Data (Data Pointer / DPTR) 
A data register (DPTR), which is 16 bit wide mix of DPH register (the top of the byte) and DPL (the lower part of the byte). DPTR work for allocation not immediately register. 

Bolean processor is the processor with a bit-free, built-in architecture 89C51. Processor has its own set of instructions, akumulator itself, RAM and I / O with allocation own. Instruction bit manipulation allowing allocation directly on the 128 bit in the RAM and 128-bit register in the register with a specific function (SFR) 

Memory on mikrokontroler 89C51 organized as follows: 
External program memory 64 Kbyte 
External data memory 64 Kbyte 
Internal data memory 384 bytes 

Memoy outside 
Because the PC register 16 bits wide, the CPU is able to put address memory up to 64 Kbyte. 
This allocation can be done in the 64 Kbyte and 64 Kbyte Program Data, as the program memory and data memory separated logically in a way to distinguish signal strobe reading program or data 

Data internal memory is divided into 2, namely: 
Data internal RAM (128 bytes) 
Special Function Register (128 bytes) 

Special Function Register (SFR) occupy up to 80h address FFh which consists of 128 bytes. Not all addresses used in the SFR, and addresses that do not not be implemented on the chip. If the reading is done on the addresses that are not used, it will generate random data and written does not work at all. Each SFR has a name (symbol), and in particular address. In the making of the program, SFR can be called either the name or address. 

Address internal RAM data is 0 to 255, consisting of: 
1. Address 0 (00h) to 31 (1Fh) be occupied by 4 groups (bank) that registers each consisting of 8 bits. 
2. Address 32d (20H) to the 47d (2Fh) is a block of memory that can be dialamati bytes (20H-2Fh), or a bit dialamati (00h-7Fh), or the location of 128 bits. 
Address 30h to 7Fh used to register versatile (General User) 
Address 128 (80h) to 255 (FFh) is used as a special function register (SFR). Register contains the address register in addition to the PC. In SFR there are 16 bytes that can be dialamati per bit, the byte address with the ending 0H or 8h

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HIstory of Motherboard

Motherboard (printed circuit board or PCB) is a board full of metal from the circuit that connects electronic components with each other without cables. 

Circuit board to get this name because it is produced in bulk with the printing. 

history 
* 1936 - printed circuit board was first found by Paul Eisler, Austrian scientists who enter the circuit board into a radio. 
* 1943 - United States use circuit board with a large number of them in military radio. 
* 1948 - commercialization printed circuit boards in the United States. 

After 1950, printed circuit boards have been used massively in the electronic industry. 

Classification 

Printed circuit boards can be classified based on several types: 
layer stack 
Single layer 
Double layer 
Multi-layer (4, 6, 8 ply) 
shape 
Hard 
Soft (flexible) 
A combination of hard and soft 
specification 
Conventional 
the high density (High Density Interconnect) 
material base 
FR4 
Metal 
Ceramics 


http://www.kotagaul.com/forumdisplay.php?s=9b97a0a9f96fd452ba4ca1d79ccd3bd4&f=89 


Specifications 
Motherbord mainboard alias alias system board, refer to the third one the same, ie, a circuit board and panel-panel electronic menggerakan overall PC system. In principle, a motherboard is made up of some parts of the system CPU (processor), circuit clock / timing, Ram, Cache, ROM BIOS, I / O ports such as serial ports, parallel ports, expansion slots, IDE Prot. 

That need to be! 
Particularly, at least there are 7 things that must be on a motherboard. The seven components are: 

* Chipset 
* CPU Type 
* Slot type and memory 
* Cache memory 
* System BIOS 
* Slot expansion 
* I / O Port 

Indeed, here's a problem on the system or PC can be detected. Damage outside the 7 components are rare. The possibility that others, when the seven components to this wrong-wrong course, suspected that the problem should be located on the motherboard architecture itself, either circuit-sirkuitnya, or components dipergunakannya. 

Chipset: commander of data and process 
Chipset called this one because the goods are generally a pair of chip that control the processor and the features of the hardware mortherboard thoroughly. A pair of chips, which one called the North Bright chip and one called the South Bridge chip, can be spelled out is the commander-in-chief in a system called motherboard.Saat this, there are a lot of motherboards with chipsets different. Type chipset used on the motherboard will determine, among other things. 

* Mobile processor can be used 
* Type of memory that can support a PC system and its maximum capacity 
* Kelengkapan I / O is able to provide 
* Type of display adapter that can be used 
* The width of the data that can be supported motgherboarad 
* Availability of additional features (such as LAN, sound card, modem or onboard). 

CPU Type 
There are three types of CPU that many circulating in the market that Intel Corporation CPU output, output AMD Advanced Micro Devices, Cyrix and VIA C3 or output VIA Technologies Corporation. CPU alias output VIA processor itself, in general, the technology platform provided by Intel. That is, each series released VIA processor, in general, has always compatibility with the series of Intel processors made. Meanwhile, AMD uses a platform technology that is different from that used by Intel, although pross technology used by this company also follow what the Intel. Because the difference this platform, using the AMD processor socket or slot that is different from that used by Intel. When you mention Intel Slot 1, AMD call Slot A. on the processor socket, AMD later relative mengeluarakan more consistent in the type of connector is used, ie, always use a compatible connector on the speed of any series, that is, the connector pins with the number of 462 units. Compare with Intel, which is always change, of the 370 pin socket, and a 423 pin, then changed again to be 478. consequently, it is possible to upgrade to a new generation of Intel processors always be at the same time with the replacement of the motherboard itself. Here are a few historical development of the processor and the Intel clone its successful disarikan 

Technology is the oldest to the newest 
Starting with the debut Intel processor series MCS4 which is the embryo of the processor's i4040. 4-bit processor is planned to be the brain calculator, in the same year (1971), Intel i440 to make revisions. Originally ordered by a Japanese company for the calculator, the processor is much more intense than expected, so Intel's purchase rights to Japanese companies for the development and further research. Here for the development of the embryo of the processor to the computer. 
Next 8-bit processor appear first i8008 (1972), but slightly less preferred because multivoltage .. new processor ago appear i8080, here there is a change in voltage that is a triple, a technology NMOS (PMOS not more), and introduce the first time the system clock generator (for additional chip), packed in the form of Array DIP 40 pins. And also appear processor2: -1974 Motorola's MC6800, Z80 from Zilog -1976 (the two rival weight), and another series prosessor2 artificial MOST 6500, Rockwell, Hyundai, WDC, NCR dst. Z80 full compatible with the i8008 only until the machine language level. Level rakitannya different language (not level compatible software). I8080 processor is the processor's internal registers with the 8-bit external bus 8-bit memory addressing and 20-bit (can access 1 MB total memory), and operating mode REAL. 
77 Thn appear 8085, generatornya onprocessor clock, cikal bakalnya the use of single voltage +5 V (implementation s 486DX2, DX4 start at +3.3 V ff). 
i8086, register with the processor, 16-bit external data bus, 16-bit memory addressing and 20-bit. 78 yr Direlease using HMOS technology, components that support 16-bit bus is very rare, so the price becomes very expensive. 
But demand for the market appears i8088 16bit internal bus, 8bit external bus. I8088, so the components can be used 8bit peripherals i8008. IBM chose to chip pebuatan IBM PC because it is cheaper than the i8086. If only the CEO of IBM says it is not just the PC side mere dream, of course, IBM will take the total PC market at this time. IBM PC first release in August 1981 has 3 versions of IBM PC, IBM PC-Jr and IBM PC-XT (extended technology). Chip i8088 is very popular, until the NEC has launched a chip that is built on the pin chip specification, which is named V20 and V30. NEC V20 and V30 processor that is compatible with Intel until the assembly level language (software). 
Chip 8088 and 8086 fully compatible with the program that made the chip for 8080, although there may be some programs made for the 8086 chip does not work with 8088 (the difference between bus width) 

Then, 80186 and i80188 appear .. since i80186, start processor packed in the form of a PLCC, LCC PGA and 68 feet .. i80186 physical shape with 17 foot squares persisi (PLCC / LCC) or 2 feet persisi array (PGA) and this is the start of the i80186 chip DMA and interrupt controller incorporated into the processor. ever since the 286, the computer uses the term IBM IBM PC-AT (Advanced Technology) and began to use the term PersonalSystem (PS / 1). And also started the use of 16 bit ISA slot which is developed from the 8-bit ISA slot, the crowd began to appear cloner. It's AMD, Harris & MOS that fully compatible with Intel. This began in 286, known use of Protected Virtual Address Mode that allows multitasking of the time sharing (via hardware resetting). 
IBM 86 years to make RISC processor architecture with 32bit for the first-class PC. But as the scarcity of software, IBM RT PC is "sluggish" for enterprise-class, RISC is growing more rapidly, at least, there are many vendors that are not compatible each other. 

Then, to reach the lost momentum of the i8086 chip, Intel i80286 create, register with the processor, 16-bit external bus, 16-bit protected mode, known as limited STANDARD mode using the memory 24-bit addressing that is able to access up to 16 MB of memory. 80286 chip is of course fully compatible with the chip-chip 808x series previously, with some additional new set of instructions. Unfortunately, this chip has a few bugs in the design of its hardware, so it failed to collect cohort. 
In 1985, Intel launched a processor design that is new: i80386. A 32-bit processor, meaning that the register has a 32-bit external data bus 32-bit, and maintain compatibility with previous generation processor, with the introduction of additional mode PROTECTED 32-BIT memory for 32-bit addressing, is able to access a maximum of 4 GB, and do not forget to add some new instructions. This chip is packed in the form of PGA (pin Grid Array) 
Intel processors up to this point has not been a unit of the FPU 
internal. Support for the FPU, Intel launched a series of 80 × 87. Since 386 began appearing cloner processor: AMD, Cyrix, NGen, IT, IIT, IBM (Blue Lightning) dst, kind-macamnya: i80386 DX (full 32 bit) 
* I80386 SX (cheap because 16bit external) 
I80486 * DX (int 487) 
* I80486 SX (487 disabled) 
* Cx486 DLC (using MB 386DX, and others) 
* Cx486 SLC (using MB 386SX) 
* I80486DX2 
* I80486DX2 ODP 
* Cx486DLC2 (architecture 386 MB) 
* Cx486SLC2 (architecture 386 MB) 
* I80486DX4 
* I80486DX4 ODP 
* I80486SX2 
* Pentium 
* Pentium ODP 

Around 1989 Intel launched i80486DX. Series which are very popular, the increase of this series is a series of 80,386-speed FPU and support schemes and internal clock multiplier (i486DX2 and iDX4 series), without additional new instructions. Due to public demand for cheaper processors, Intel launched the series i80486SX that no other processor is i80486DX the FPU to its circuits have been disabled. As it should, i80486DX series have full compatibility with instruction set chip-chip series before. 
AMD and Cyrix processor design and purchase i80386 and i80486DX to make Intel-compatible processors, and they are very successful. In my opinion this is a process called 'cloning', as the story of NEC V20 and V30. AMD and Cyrix does not make vertical design process (based on a previous series chip), but based on chip designs that already exist to create a chip that classmates. 
1993, and Intel launched its Pentium processor. Peningkatannya against i80486: PGA structure of a larger (higher speed, and pipelining, with new instructions. There is a special chip from this, only the fact that the standard VLB made to i80486 not match (not compatible) so that the chipset forced to re-designed to support PCI. Intel Pentium using the term to "blocked" saingannya. Since the Pentium cloner start this "fall" to stay AMD, Cyrix. Intel uses the term because the Intel Pentium lose patent in court. why the number can not be patented , so removing the Intel Pentium use TM. Cyrix, AMD does not want to fall behind, they issued a standard Pentium Rating (PR) in 92 previous intelligence had collaborated degan Sun, but failed, and Intel was charged by Sun because Sun allegedly copy the design. Since Pentium, Intel has implemented the ability Pipelining cuman usually have diprocessor RISC (RISC spt SunSparc). VESA Local Bus 32bit is the development of architecture 16bit ISA use the clock because it still has its own clock generator (usually> 33MHz) architecture, while PCI is a new architecture that speeds clocknya the processor clock speed (typically half the speed of processor speed) .. so the speed PCI VGA card will not be the same relative frequency in MHz processor in a different alias MHz processor more quickly, the sooner its PCI 
In 1995, occurrence of the Pentium Pro. Innovation disatukannya cache memory to the processor socket dibuatnya claim 8. Pin-pin processor is divided 2 groups: group 1 for the cache memory, and 1 group for prosesornya own, no more than a pin-pin Pentium changed the order. This design allows the processor efficiency is higher when the handle 32-bit instructions, but if there is a 16-bit instructions appear in the cycle 32-bit instructions, the processor will make the evacuation process execution so that the cache is running low. But there are instructions added 1: CMOV (Conditional MOVE). 
In 1996, Pentium MMX processor. In fact no more than a Pentium with additional units and additional set of instructions, the MMX. Intel until now still have not provided a clear definition of the term MMX. Multi Media extension is the term used AMD. There is a limitation on the design of this chip: MMX only because the module is added to the board in the draft without a Pentium stake back, Intel had to create a unit to MMX and FPU sharing, in terms of FPU at MMX active non-active, and vice versa. So MMX Pentium MMX mode in not compatible with the Pentium. 
What about the AMD K5? AMD K5-PR75 is actually a 'clone' i80486DX with 133MHz speed internal bus and 33MHz clock. Specifications are Pentium AMD K5 when designing the next versions Cyrix when designing and 6 × 86 is only limited to the specification of pin-pin Pentium. They were not given access to the original design. IBM does not even able to make Intel bergeming (Cyrix, have a contract tied up with IBM in 2005) on the draft AMD K6, K6 know that your design is actually the property of NexGen? While Intel says making unit MMX, AMD MMX explore the design and add it to the K6. Unfortunately MMX specifications are not likely that AMD used Intel, the K6 has proven many ketidakkompatibilitas with the Pentium MMX instructions MMX. 

1997, Intel launched Pentium II, Pentium Pro with MMX technology, which has 2 innovation: the cache memory does not become 1 with the core processor such as Pentium Pro, but is outside the core, but works with processor speed. Innovation is what causes the loss of the lack Pentium Pro (the evacuation cache) Innovation second, the SEC (Single Edge Cartidge), Why? Since we can install the Pentium Pro processor slot in the SEC with the help of a special adapter. Additional: onprocessor because of L2 cache, the cache speed processor speed, while the PII cachenya in the "outside" (using the processor module), then half the speed of the processor speed. Also mentioned the use of the PII Slot 1 for several reasons: 
First, widen channels of data (foot lot - also a reason for Socket 8), and processing on PPro PII can parallel. Therefore Slot 1 actually have more strength in Multithreading / Multiple Processor. (Unfortunately O / S has not been a lot of support, dual PII processorpun benchmark by more ZDBench conducted via Win95 instead via NT) Second, the possible upgrader Slot 1 without eating a lot of space on the motherboard because if not ZIF socket 9, the area can Form Factor (MB) its own concept sparingly this space since 8088 are also available. Why SIMM specification also out in 286? some of them is efficiency and simplification of the place. 

Third, the cache module allows you to use a more efficient and balanced with the high-speed processor with a speed and again without a lot of places to eat, does not like AMD / Cyrix a "forced" double L1 cachenya to compete PII speed (due to its slow-L2) so that In conclusion AMD K6 and Cyrix 6 × 86 in the processor is not fast but quick hit in the cache! For the spec Socket7 speed L2 cache will be limited only as soon as the data bus / slow when the data bus is busy, the PII is planned to operate at 100MHz (66MHz not more). Point this is one of the reasons why Intel's 430 chipset to 440 which means that must also change the motherboard. 


http://asepmuhsin.wordpress.com/2007/08/19/mengenal-lebih-dekat-dengan-motherboard/

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Eliminate Bios Password

I get tips from a friend several years ago. Maybe this can help comrade that need. Log in to appear after the DOS mode DOS prompt c: \> type DEBUG like this

c: \> DEBUG

For the next type

o 70 2e
71 o ff
Q

On the monitor screen will look like under the c: \> DEBUG

o-70 2e
71-o ff
-Q

Q typing after you exit from the debugging indicates that you have done. Then restart your computer, press DEL and you always have been able to enter the BIOS.

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